Building Construction Civil Project Report - Remain Complete
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Water, cement, fine aggregate or sand, surkhi, and fly ash shall be as specified in Chapter 3.0 – Mortar. Coarse Aggregate General: Aggregate most of which is retained on 4.75 mm IS Sieve and contains only as much fine material as is permitted in IS 383 for various sizes and grading is known as coarse aggregate. Coarse aggregate shall be specified as stone aggregate, gravel or brick aggregate and it shall be obtained from approved/ authorized sources. (a) Stone Aggregate: It shall consist of naturally occurring (uncrushed, crushed or broken) stones. It shall be hard, strong, dense, durable and clean. It shall be free from veins, adherent coating, injurious amounts of disintegrated pieces, alkali, vegetable matter and other deleterious substances. It shall be roughly cubical in shape. Flaky and elongated pieces shall be avoided. It shall conform to IS 383 unless otherwise specified. CEMENT CONCRETE The concrete shall be in grade designated as under:
Curing:
Curing is the process of preventing loss of moisture from the concrete.
Durability of Concrete:
A durable concrete is one that performs satisfactorily in the working environment during its anticipated exposure conditions during service. The materials and mix proportions shall be such as to maintain its intergrity and, if applicable, to protect reinforcement from corrosion. The factors influencing durability include: (a) The environment; (b) The cover to embedded steel; (c) The type and quality of constituent materials; (d) The cement content and water/ cement ratio of the concrete; (e) Workmanship, to obtain full compaction and efficient curing; and (f) The shape and size of the member.
4. CONCRETE -SLUMP TEST
Apparatus: Mould shall consist of a metal frustum of cone having the following internal dimensions: Bottom diameter……………………………………………………..20 cm Top diameter…………………………………………………………10 cm Height…………………………………………………………………30 cm The mould shall be of a metal other than brass and aluminum of at least 1.6 mm (or 16 BG) thickness. The top and bottom shall be open and at right angles to the axis of the cone. The mould shall have a smooth internal surface. It shall be provided with suitable foot pieces and handles to facilitate lifting it from the molded concrete test specimen in a vertical direction as required by the test. A mould provided with a suitable guide attachment may be used. Tamping rod shall be of steel or other suitable material 16 mm in diameter 60 mm long and rounded at one end. Procedure: The internal surface of the mould shall be thoroughly cleaned and free form superfluous moisture and any set concrete before commencing the test. The mould shall be placed on a smooth horizontal, rigid and non-absorbent surface viz. levelled metal plate. The operator shall hold the mould firmly in place while it is being filled with test specimen of concrete. The mould shall be filled in four layers, each approximately one quarter of height of mould. Each layer shall be tamped with twenty five strikes of the rounded end of the tamping rod. The strokes shall be distributed in a uniform manner over the cross section of the mould and for the second and subsequent layers shall penetrate into the under- lying layer. The bottom layer shall be tamped through out its depth. After the top layer has been rodded, the concrete shall be struck off level with trowel or the tamping rod, so that the mould is exactly filled. Any mortar which shall leak out between the mould and the base plate shall be cleaned away. The mould shall be removed from the concrete immediately after filling by raising it slowly and carefully in a vertical direction. The moulded concrete shall then be allowed to subside and the slump shall be measured immediately by determining the difference between the height of the mould and that of the highest point of specimen. The above operations shall be carried out at a place free from vibration or shock, and within a period of two minutes after sampling. Result: The slump shall be recorded in terms of millimeters of subsidence of the specimen during the test. Any slump specimen which collapses or shears off laterally give incorrect result. If this occurs, the test shall be repeated with another sample. The slump test shall not be used for very dry mixes as the results obtained are not accurate. REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE WORK GENERAL Reinforced cement concrete work may be cast-in-situ or Precast as may be directed by Engineer-in- Charge according to the nature of work. Reinforced cement concrete work shall comprise of the following which may be paid separately or collectively as per the description of the item of work. (a) Form work (Centering and Shuttering) (b) Reinforcement (c) Concreting: (1– Cast-in-situ), (2 – Precast) MATERIALS Water, cement, fine and coarse aggregate shall be as specified formortars and concrete work as applicable. Form Work Form work shall include all temporary or permanent forms or moulds required for forming the concrete which is cast-in-situ, together with all temporary construction required for their support. (a) Centering/Staging : Staging should be as designed with required extension pieces as approved by Engineer-in-Charge to ensure proper slopes, as per design for slabs/ beams etc. and as per levels as shown in drawing. All the staging to be either of Tubular steel structure with adequate bracings as approved or made of built up structural sections made form rolled structural steel sections. (b) In case of structures with two or more floors, the weight of concrete, centering and shuttering of any upper floor being cast shall be suitably supported on one floor below the top most floor already cast. (c) Form work and concreting of upper floor shall not be done until concrete of lower floor has set at least for 14 days. Shuttering: Shuttering used shall be of sufficient stiffness to avoid excessive deflection and joints shall be tightly butted to avoid leakage of slurry. If required, rubberized lining of material as approved by the Engineer-in-Charge shall be provided in the joints. Steel shuttering used or concreting should be sufficiently stiffened. The steel shuttering should also be properly repaired before use and properly cleaned to avoid stains, honey combing, seepage of slurry through joints etc. (a) Runner Joists: RSJ, MS Channel or any other suitable section of the required size shall be used as runners. (b) Assembly of beam head over props. Beam head is an adopter that fits snugly on the head plates of props to provide wider support under beam bottoms. (c) Only steel shuttering shall be used, except for unavoidable portions and very small works for which 12 mm thick water proofing ply of approved quality may be used. REINFORCEMENTS Steel reinforcement shall be clear and free from loose mill scales, dust, loose rust, coats of paints, oil or other coating which may destroy or reduce bond. It shall be stored in such a way as to avoid distortion and to prevent deterioration and corrosion. Prior to assembly of reinforcement on no account any oily substance shall be used for removing the rust.
5.TEST FOR DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCE OF BRICKS
Procedure All the blisters, loose particles of clay and small projections shall be removed from the surface of bricks. Each specimen of 20 bricks shall then be arranged upon a level surface successively contacted with each other and in straight line. The overall length of the assembled bricks (20 Nos) shall be measured with a steel tape sufficiently long to measure the whole row at one stretch. Tolerance The actual dimensions of bricks when tested shall be within the following limitsper 20 bricks. Modular Bricks Length 3720 to 3880 mm (3800 ± 80 mm) Width 1760 to 1840 mm (1800 ± 40 mm) Height 1760 to 1840 mm (1800 ± 40 mm) for 90 mm high brick 760 to 840 mm (800 ± 40 mm) for 40 mm high brick Non-Modular Bricks For class 10 Length (4520 to 4680) mm (4600 ± 80 mm) Width (2240 to 2160) mm (2200 ± 40 mm) Height (1440 to 1360) mm (1400 ± 40 mm) for 70 mm high bricks (640 to 560) mm (600 ± 40 mm) for 30 mm high bricks For other classes Length (4320 to 4680) mm Width (2130 to 2310) mm Height (1340 to 1460) mm for 70 mm high bricks (840 to 920) mm for 44 mm high bricks Criteria for Conformity A lot shall be considered conforming to the requirements of dimensions and tolerances if all the groups of bricks are tested to meet the specified requirements.
6. TEST FOR WATER ABSORPTION:
No. of Specimen Five whole bricks shall be taken from samples as specimen for this test. Apparatus A balance required for this test shall be sensitive to weigh 0.1 percent of the weight of the specimen. Procedure (a) Pre-conditioning: The specimen shall be allowed to dry in a ventilated oven at a 110°C to 115°C till it attains a substantially constant weight. If the specimen is known to be relatively dry, this would be accomplished in 48 hours, if the specimen is wet, several additional hours may be required to attain a constant weight. It shall be allowed to cool at room temperature. In a ventilated room, properly separated bricks will require four hours for cooling, unless electric fan passes air over them continuously in which case two hours may suffice. The cooled specimen shall be weigh (W1) a warm specimen shall not be used for this purpose. (b) Actual Testing: Specimen shall be completely dried before immersion in the water. It shall be kept in clean water at a temperature of 27°C ± 2°C for 24 hours. Specimen shall be wiped out of the traces of water with a damp cloth after removing from the water and then shall be weighed within three minutes after removing from water (W2). Reporting the Test Results The water absorption of each specimen shall be calculated as follows and the average of five tests shall be reported. WaterAbsorption= w2 – w1× 100 W1 Criteria for Conformity A lot shall be considered having satisfied the requirements of water absorption if the average water absorption is not more than 20% by weight.
QUALITY ASSURANCE
General As all the building materials including electrical fittings etc., required for a project are brought by the Contractors, the procedure part details the tests to be conducted by the Contractors on the same and KSPHC functionaries has to verify whether these materials conform to the acceptance criteria or not. Planning for quality control Concerned Executive Engineer of a division who is considered as the project manager shall plan for achieving quality in the construction project using the following guidelines. In this endeavour, he shall delegate required responsibilities and authorities to other staff of the division / sub-division to plan and achieve quality. Quality control planning for a particular project shall include responsibilities and authorities for the following personnel in the project: a) Contractor (or his quality control engineer) b) JE / AE / AEEs of sub-divisions c) Executive Engineer of the division It shall be noted that EE-QC / AEE-QC will be playing role to assist the respective divisions in initiating mid-term course corrective action in order to prevent complaints from the client organization with regard to project (Buildings) requirements based on their observations during their site visits.
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION
The plan may contain more than one means of controlling the quality of various construction materials which may be naturally occurring or produced by the Contractor or obtained from other agencies for example Coarse aggregates, fine aggregates, bricks etc., The construction materials also includes those manufactured in factories and readily available in open market like cement, Reinforcement steel, electrical materials etc., The Core Plan may describe the methods for controlling and auditing the quality of material procured or produced by the Contractor.
Materials/Quality Control of Building / Raw Materials:
As all the building materials including electrical fittings etc., required for a project are brought by the Contractors, the procedure part details the tests to be conducted by the Contractors on the same and functionaries has to verify whether these materials conform to the acceptance criteria or not.
CONCLUSION:
From Quarry…to Kiln…to Construction Site .
Building Construction is a part of Civil Engineering branch which in itself is like a non-ending road. Hence it requires more knowledge with continuous efforts to fulfill the demand. Undersigned has just put a step on the first running meter of the road. Hope my effort has not gone in vain. I will keep on trying with help of co-mates and guides.